Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
Studying in an international school setting offers an excellent opportunity for students to acquire the target language, English, through abundant language exposure. As observed during classroom observations, several students outperformed their peers in targeted language production despite the same school language exposure. Extramural English is assumed to play a substantial influence. This case study explored the Extramural English exposure of 15 ninth-grade students, the duration of such exposure, and the language accuracy of their academic writing captured after receiving it. A qualitative design was utilised to examine the data acquired from students’ linguistics background survey, daily online logs, interview transcription, and their writing products. The findings reveal that parents are the central agency facilitating language learning. During the eight-week research period, 80% of the students received interactive Extramural English, while 100% were exposed to non-interactive Extramural English. The frequency of receiving Extramural English exposure is more significant than the onset of exposure. A minimal linguistic error was recognised for 29% of average conciseness and 23% of inappropriate punctuation, while other errors were between 1% and 5%. This research highlights the importance of Extramural English exposure to written language accuracy among secondary EFL students.
References
Akbarian, I., Farajollahi, F., & Jiménez, C. R. M. (2020). EFL learners’ lexical availability: Exploring frequency, exposure, and vocabulary level. System, 91, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102261
Al-Zoubi, S. M. (2018). The impact of exposure to English language on language acquisition. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 5(4), 151-162.
Altinkamis, F., & Simon, E. (2020). Language abilities in bilingual children: The effect of family background and language exposure on the development of Turkish and Dutch. International Journal of Bilingualism, 24(5-6),1-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006920909889
Arndt, H. L., Granfeldt, J., & Gullberg, M. (2021). Reviewing the potential of the experience sampling method (ESM) for capturing second language exposure and use. Second Language Research, 39(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/02676583211020055
Avello, M., Camacho-Miñano, M. M., Urquia-Grande, E., & del Campo, C. (2019). “Do you use English in your daily life?” Undergraduate students’ perceptions of their extramural use of English. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 30(1), 77-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/08975930.2019.1627978
Azzolini, D., Campregher, S., & Madia, J. E. (2020). Formal instruction vs informal exposure. What matters more for teenagers’ acquisition of English as a second language? Research Papers in Education, 37(2), 153-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2020.1789718
Bisson, M. J., van Heuven, W. J. B., Conklin, K., & Tunney, R. J. (2014). The role of repeated exposure to multimodal input in incidental acquisition of foreign language vocabulary. Language Learning, 64(4), 855-877. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12085
Brown, H. D., & Lee, H. (2015). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy (4th ed.). Pearson.
Brown, J. A. (2021). Exploring the relationship between socioeconomic status, language exposure and language processing in young adults [Doctoral dissertation, York St John University]. York St John University Research Repository. https://ray.yorksj.ac.uk/id/eprint/5386/
Cambridge International Education. (2022). Cambridge IGCSE global perspectives (0457). https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/programmes-and-qualifications/cambridge-igcse-global-perspectives-0457/
Cantone, K. F. (2022). Language exposure in early bilingual and trilingual acquisition. International Journal of Multilingualism, 19(3), 402-417. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2019.1703995
Cavaleri, M., & Dianati, S. (2016). You want me to check your grammar again? The usefulness of an online grammar checker as perceived by students. Journal of Academic Language and Learning, 10(1), 223-236.
Chan, J. Y. H. (2014). Exposure to accents and pronunciation modelling: A case study of a secondary school in Hong Kong. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 24(3), 390-415. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12054
Chang, Y. N., & Monaghan, P. (2019). Quantity and diversity of preliteracy language exposure both affect literacy development: Evidence from a computational model of reading. Scientific Studies of Reading, 23(3), 235-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2018.1529177
Cohen, C., Bauer, E., & Minniear, J. (2021). Exploring how language exposure shapes oral narrative skills in French-English emergent bilingual first graders. Linguistics and Education, 63(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2021.100905
De Houwer, A. (2017). Bilingual language input environments, intake, maturity and practice. Bilingualism, 20(1), 19-20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728916000298
De Wilde, V., Brysbaert, M., & Eyckmans, J. (2020a). Learning English through out-of-school exposure: How do word-related variables and proficiency influence receptive vocabulary learning? Language Learning, 70(2), 349-381. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12380
De Wilde, V., Brysbaert, M., & Eyckmans, J. (2020b). Learning English through out-of-school exposure. Which levels of language proficiency are attained and which types of input are important? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918001062
Domingo, P. (2019). Correlation between the students’ English language proficiency and their exposure to English language. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3462970
Fang, Z., & Park, J. (2019). Adolescents’ use of academic language in informational writing. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 33(1), 97-119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-019-09937-8
Gámez, P. B., Griskell, H. L., Sobrevilla, Y. N., & Vazquez, M. (2018). Dual language and English-only learners’ expressive and receptive language skills and exposure to peers’ language. Child Development, 90(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13197
Gitsaki, C. (1998). Second language acquisition theories: Overview and evaluation. Journal of Communication and International Studies, 4(2), 89-98.
ISC Research. (2021). Data on international schools. https://iscresearch.com/data/
Jones, R. G. (2019). Riding the digital wilds: Learner autonomy and informal language learning. Language Learning and Technology, 23(1), 8-25. https://doi.org/10.125/44667
Kaweera, C. (2013). Writing error: A review of interlingual and intralingual interference in EFL context. English Language Teaching, 6(7), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v6n7p9
Kessler, G. (2018). Technology and the future of language teaching. Foreign Language Annals, 51(1), 205-218. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12318
Khansir, A. A. (2013). Error analysis and second language writing. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(2), 363-375. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.2.269-274
Krashen, S. D. (1982). Principle and practice in second language acquisition. Pergamon Press.
Leona, N. L., van Koert, M. J. H., van der Molen, M. W., Rispens, J. E., Tijms, J., & Snellings, P. (2021). Explaining individual differences in young English language learners’ vocabulary knowledge: The role of extramural English exposure and motivation. System, 96, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102402
Liao, H. C. (2016). Enhancing the grammatical accuracy of EFL writing by using an AWE-assisted process approach. System, 62, 77-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2016.02.007
Lightbown, P. M., & Spada, N. (2013). How languages are learned (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Lindgren, E., & Muñoz, C. (2013). The influence of exposure, parents, and linguistic distance on young European learners’ foreign language comprehension. International Journal of Multilingualism, 10(1), 105-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2012.679275
Makarova, V., Terekhova, N., & Mousavi, A. (2019). Children’s language exposure and parental language attitudes in Russian-as-a-heritage-language acquisition by bilingual and multilingual children in Canada. International Journal of Bilingualism, 23(2), 457-485. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006917740058
Malone, J. (2018). Incidental vocabulary learning in SLA. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 40(3), 651-675. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263117000341
Matusevych, Y., Alishahi, A., & Backus, A. D. (2017). The impact of first and second language exposure on learning second language constructions. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 20(1), 128-149. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728915000607
Mononimbar, D. A. (2017). International schools poised for growth in east, southeast Asia. https://jakartaglobe.id/news/international-schools-poised-growth-east-southeast-asia
Muñoz, C. (2014). Contrasting effects of starting age and input on the oral performance of foreign language learners. Applied Linguistics, 35(4), 463-482. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amu024
Mustafa, F., Kirana, M., & Bahri, Y. S. (2017). Errors in EFL writing by junior high students in Indonesia. International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning, 6(1), 38-52. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsll.2016.1366
Oxford, R. (2017). Teaching and researching language learning (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Pace, A., Luo, R., Hirsh-Pasek, K., & Golinkoff, R. M. (2017). Identifying pathways between socioeconomic status and language development. Annual Review of Linguistics, 3, 285-308. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011516-034226
Pawlak, M. (2021). Investigating language learning strategies: Prospects, pitfalls and challenges. Language Teaching Research, 25(5), 817-835. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168819876156
Pescante-Malimas, M. A., & Samson, S. C. (2017). Linguistic error analysis on students’ thesis proposals. IAFOR Journal of Language Learning, 3(2), 193-209. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22492/ijll.3.2.09
Peters, E. (2018). The effect of out-of-class exposure to English language media on learners’ vocabulary knowledge. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 169(1), 142-168. https://doi.org/10.1075/itl.00010.pet
Peters, E., & Webb, S. (2018). Incidental vocabulary acquisition through viewing L2 television and factors that affect learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 40(3), 551-577. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263117000407
Richards, J. C. (2015). Error analysis: Perspectives on second language acquisition. Routledge.
Slabakova, R. (2016). Second language acquisition. Oxford University Press.
Van Patten, B., Smith, M., & Benati, A. G. (2019). Key questions in second language acquisition: An introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Wu, H., & Garza, E. V. (2014). Types and attributes of English writing errors in the EFL context—A study of error analysis. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 5(6), 1256-1262. https://doi.org/doi:10.4304/jltr.5.6.1256-1262
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 UNIMAS Publisher